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Arkansas Probate Laws & Lawyers
How to Avoid Probate; Dealing with Probate, and who to Contact

INTRODUCTION
When a property owner dies in Arkansas, a legal proceeding to settle the estate is
required by state law. This proceeding, whether the person dies with or without a will, is called
"administration," and it must take place in the Probate Division of the Circuit Court of the county
where the deceased resided. If the person dies as an out-of-state resident, an administration
proceeding must be started in the Arkansas county in which the person held property.
Two persons are essential in the administration of an estate, (1) the Personal
Representative and (2) the attorney for the Personal Representative.

If a person dies leaving a Will, it ordinarily names a Personal Representative. If there is
no Will, the law provides that the court give preference to certain relatives and heirs in naming a
Personal Representative. Generally, the Personal Representative selects their attorney.
The law places many duties upon the Personal Representative. He or she may, while
acting in good faith, incur personal responsibility through a misunderstanding of the manner in
which the law requires certain duties to be discharged. That is one reason why it is important
that he or she be guided by the advice of an attorney, who, through training and experience, can
prevent honest but costly mistakes.

This pamphlet is written to help Arkansas attorneys inform the Personal Representative
of their duties and responsibilities and is for general distribution to the public.

PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE
In the administration of an Estate, the Personal Representative is directly responsible for
proper settlement of the Estate. If a person dies "testate" (with a Will), the Will nominates a
Personal Representative to take charge of the Estate. If a person dies intestate (without a Will),
an interested party may petition the Court for the appointment of a Personal Representative,
with such Petition nominating the person to be so appointed.

WHO MAY SERVE AS PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE
Generally anyone may serve who is over 21, of sound mind and bondable. Banks that
have trust powers or trust companies are also eligible to serve.

FUNCTIONS OF ADMINISTRATION
The purposes of administering the estate are to:
1) Collect property and assets.
2) Protect the property of the estate.
3) Pay debts and taxes.
4) Determine who is entitled to share in the estate.
5) Distribute the estate to the proper parties.

TITLE
Legal title to all personal property goes to you as Personal Representative. You also
have custody and control over the real property, but not the legal title to it. However, you must
obtain court authority before leasing, mortgaging or selling real or personal property, unless you
are specifically authorized by the Will to do so.

AUTHORITY
Your authority to act is evidenced by court-signed-and-sealed Letters Testamentary or
Letters of Administration. The court will issue additional certified copies on request, and each
time you transact estate business, you should take a copy with you.

DUTIES
As Personal Representative you are the impartial representative of all parties with an
interest in the estate, including persons with claims; and you should be completely fair and open
in dealing with them.

Great responsibility is placed on your shoulders. You must take possession of all the
property of the estate and distribute it properly. Actually, you are an officer of the court.

The following is a summary of your principal duties:
1) Take possession of and protect the real and personal property, excepting the
homestead and real estate specifically given by the will.
2) Keep real estate and personal property properly insured.
3) Receive the rents and payments due and collect interest, dividends and other
income.
4) Make proper demand for and collect all the debts, claims and notes due.
5) Assist in determining the names, ages, residences and degree of relationship of
all possible heirs.
6) Litigate or settle any pending lawsuits in which the deceased had an interest.
7) Keep the property of the estate in good repair.
8) Keep surplus funds invested.
9) Obey and perform all the orders of the court.
10) Determine and pay federal and state estate taxes and federal and state income
taxes.
11) Pay the valid claims of creditors and, if necessary, sell the estate property to do
so.
12) Distribute the remaining assets to the proper heirs.
If you fail to perform your duties, you can be held liable for the loss you cause the estate,
and the court can order your removal. Also, the court can require the party furnishing your bond
to repay the estate. There are severe consequences for an irresponsible Personal
Representative.

RESIGNATIONS
If you find that you do not have the time to serve or just do not want to assume the
responsibility of serving as Personal Representative, you may resign with the court's approval.
The court will then appoint a successor to serve in your place. You can indicate whom you
would prefer to be your successor.

BOND
Because the Personal Representative often deals with substantial property and funds,
the court usually requires a bond be posted to secure proper performance of his duties. The
court sets the amount, based on the estimated value of the estate. Some Wills may exempt the
Personal Representative from giving bond, but the court may nevertheless require one.

This bond may be signed by persons who own property in the state, or it may be
purchased from a bonding company, in which case it is called a corporate surety bond. The
bond is subject to court approval. The cost of the bond is an expense of the estate. If the
personal representative is a bank or a trust company whose deposits are insured by the Federal
Deposit Insurance Corporation or a trust company chartered and regulated by an appropriate
authority, the Court may reduce the amount of the bond or dispense with the requirement of a
bond.

ATTORNEY
The attorney will be your closest adviser. Although you are primarily responsible for the
administration of the estate, the law contemplates the retaining of an attorney to help prepare
the papers for the proceeding and to see that you comply with the laws of probate. The attorney
will make certain that the estate proceeds as quickly as the law allows and will represent the
estate at court proceedings.

You must be prompt in obtaining information and reports that your attorney requests;
and you should cooperate closely with your attorney in preparation of papers, particularly the
inventory described later. Your failure to do this will cause delay in completion of probate and
may cause the court to remove you as Personal Representative.

INVENTORY
The law requires that an Inventory be filed within 60 days after you have been appointed
to act as Personal Representative. The Inventory shall include all property owned by the
deceased at the time of his death, describing each item of property in detail and setting out your
appraisement of the fair market value of them as of the date of the death of the decedent. This
may be waived under certain instances which your attorney will know.

Ordinarily, the attorney prepares the actual inventory form for the court, but it is your
personal responsibility as the Personal Representative to make an accurate accounting of the
items and to see that they are properly listed and preserved until the distribution to the heirs, or
until they are sold.

ITEMS IN THE INVENTORY
A. Real Property. All the real estate in which the deceased had any interest,
including the Homestead, together with a legal description of it, and the amount of any
encumbrances, liens, etc. against it, and the fair market value of each tract.

B. Household Goods and Personal Effects. The list should include, but not be
limited to, furniture, household and yard equipment, clothing, jewelry, etc. and the market value
of each item.

C. Other Tangible Personal Property. The list should include, but not be limited to,
automobile vehicles, farm equipment, livestock, agricultural products, stocks of merchandise,
any going business enterprise or interest therein, etc., and the market value of each item.

D. Intangible Personal Property. The list should detail separately: cash on hand;
money on deposit, stating names and addresses of depositories; bonds, stating names of
issuers, interest rates, classes, maturity dates, serial numbers, face amounts, and dates to
which interest is paid; corporate stocks, stating certificate numbers, names of issuers, classes
and number of shares; notes receivable, stating the names and addresses of makers, dates,
amounts, interest rates and dates to which interest paid, balance due, maturities, and security, if
any; accounts receivable, stating names of debtors, dates of last items and balances due; and
other intangibles, describing in detail, with their market value as of the date of death. If you
have any question about the listing of ownership of property, make notes concerning the
property and notify the attorney. This will help complete an accurate inventory.

CLAIMS
The Personal Representative is required to publish notice in a local newspaper promptly
after his appointment, advising creditors of the time limit in which they must file claims against
the estate. The notice is published once a week for two consecutive weeks. Generally, the
time in which to file claims is three months after date of first publication, although certain types
of claims for damages predicated upon a decedent's negligence may be filed within six months
of date of first publication. The personal representative is required to provide actual notice to all
known or reasonably ascertainable creditors, in addition to the publication of notice. The
Personal Representative should make a special effort to determine if any services were
rendered to the deceased by the Department of Human Services. Such actual notice is to be
mailed to such creditors within thirty days of the initial publication.

When each claim is filed, the Personal Representative endorses on the claim the date of
such filing and either approves or disapproves the claim. At the time of allowance of claims they
should be classified as (1) costs and expenses of administration, (2) reasonable funeral
expenses and reasonable medical and other expenses incident to the last illness, and wages of
employees of the deceased and (3) claims based on a liability of the deceased for any state tax
debt assessed against the deceased, or due at the time of his or her death, or due from the
estate as a result of his or her death; and (4) all other claims allowed.

If you do not affirmatively approve a particular claim, a hearing will be held by the court,
after giving notice to all interested parties, to determine the validity of the claim.
It is always advisable to secure the advice of your attorney before taking action on a
claim.

You should direct any party wishing to file a claim to your attorney or their own attorney
or to the Clerk in the county where the estate is in probate. There he can obtain a claim form,
so that he may swear to his claim, as the law requires.

After the claims have been approved or disapproved by you, you should forward them to
your attorney for filing with the clerk and approval by the court.

ACCOUNTING
The law requires you as the Personal Representative to file a written account with the
court when:
1) you are ready to settle the estate, after payment of all debts and taxes, and to
distribute property to the beneficiaries.
2) you resign as Personal Representative, or
3) as the judge requires.
The accounting is based upon the records kept by the Personal Representative for all
property received and distributed. It can be waived in certain instances which your attorney will
know.

RECORDS
A. Income and Expense of the Estate. You must keep an accurate record of all
money received and spent by you for the estate.
You are held accountable for all money received. It is most helpful to have an account
book listing each of these items, showing the date, the person or company from whom received
or to whom paid, the purpose and the exact amount. This record should be separate and in
addition to the checking account record described in bank accounts below.

B. Time and Expenses of Personal Representative. By law you are entitled to
compensation for the amount of time spent taking care of the estate and for your actual
expenses, such as travel; so you should keep an accurate record of these items, including, the
date, amount of time, travel mileage and items of expense.

PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE FEES
The law recognizes that the Personal Representative has a responsible position in the
probate of the estate by providing a schedule of fees which the court can allow, based on the
size of the estate and time spent caring for it. This is a legitimate expense of probate, and is
charged in addition to mileage, phone calls and other items of expense. The amount of the fee
is the same whether the personal representative is an individual, bank or a trust company.
There is just one fee regardless of the time required to close the estate. Ask your attorney for
the current rate and for help in preparing your expense record.

ATTORNEY FEES
Since the attorney also has a great responsibility in handling the matters of an estate,
the law allows reasonable compensation for these services. Attorney fees in a probate
proceeding must be approved by the judge when he or she passes on the final account.
The attorney's fees cover time for court appearances, and later for determining that a
proper transfer and record of title is made for the heirs who receive property. The fee is usually
based on a percentage of the estate value.

Because probate is governed mainly by written laws which require much detailed work, a
substantial amount of time and overhead expenses are involved. And, as the size of the estate
increases, the tax problems become greater. Whether the estate is large or small, the attorney
must exercise great care and assume the responsibility that the proceeding is properly
prepared.

BANK ACCOUNT
The attorney for the estate will usually advise you, as Personal Representative, to open
a checking account for the estate at a local bank. All money you receive as Personal
Representative should be placed in this account. All canceled checks should be kept. Do not
put your personal money in this account and never put estate money into your personal
account. Funds not needed for current expenses should be deposited in an interest-bearing
account.

SALE OF PROPERTY
A. Real Estate. Legally, you cannot sell real estate without a court order approving
the sale, unless the will permits it. Never make any promises to sell until after you discuss it
fully with your attorney.

B. Personal Property. Always discuss sales of these items with your attorney
before you act. If you have to sell an article for less than its appraised value, get his or her
approval first. If it is for a substantially reduced price, a court order may be needed. You will
have to account to the probate court for selling at these reduced prices. You are not permitted
to purchase the property yourself without approval of the court and all interested parties.

TAX RETURNS
As Personal Representative it is your responsibility to see that all tax returns are filed,
and you are personally liable for the tax. These include federal and state income tax returns for
the portion of the tax year before the death of the decedent; federal and state income tax
returns during the period of administration of the estate; and federal and state estate tax
returns. This is very important and you should seek the advice of an attorney or accountant
(C.P.A.) knowledgeable and experienced in tax manners.

TIMETABLE
It is difficult to predict with certainty the amount of time it will take to settle any estate
because each one is somewhat different.

The final accounting cannot be filed until the expiration of the period in which creditors
may file claims against the estate. Creditors are generally allowed three months from date of
first publication of notice in which to file claims, although certain creditors may have six months
in which to do so. After the final accounting has been filed, a hearing to approve the accounting
will be held not less than sixty days following such filing; consequently, most estates will be
under administration for at least eight months.

If it is necessary to file a federal estate tax return, it will take longer as you have the
choice to determine the value of property for this return, which is market value of property as of
the date of death or the market value six months after death. The federal estate tax return must
be filed not later than nine months after the date of death of the decedent. The estate should
not be closed until the federal estate tax return is filed, the return approved by the tax
authorities, and the Personal Representative released from personal liability by the government.
If the property is distributed before the tax return is audited, the Personal Representative may
be personally charged with the tax.

SETTLEMENT
A. Claims. As a general rule do not pay any debts or claims until your attorney
approves their payment. This usually will be after the court allows the claims.
Where the estate can settle certain claims to take advantage of discounts for prompt
payment, such as the funeral bill, this should be done if the funds are available. Again see your
attorney before the discount date.

B. Distribution. After the court enters the order -- following settlement and payment
of claims, expenses and taxes -- your attorney will give you the proper estate receipt forms and
instruct you to distribute the shares to the heirs or legatees of the estate. Again, make sure
these receipts are properly completed and signed.

C. Discharge. After you have distributed the property of estate and the receipts are
on file with the court, the court will sign the order discharging you as Personal Representative;
and you may be released from your bond if the court required one. This will end your
responsibilities.


The material in this pamphlet represents general legal advice. Because the law is continually changing, some provisions in this pamphlet may be out of date. It is always best to consult an attorney about your legal rights and responsibilities in your particular case.